The mantle of mistakes

The mantle of mis disciplinesA mistake is made, the consequences pour forward. For each mistake, there is the concomitant necessity to atone, but, if one corrects their mistake before it is in like manner late, they may be able to douse that atonement. In William Shakespe bes Romeo and Juliet, one is able to witness how severe mistakes that ar neglected, and left unrealized, lead to the tragic destruction of the 2 protagonists. Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the two protagonists, are from two different families, who constitute past rivalries and do non associate with one another. Romeo and Juliet hurriedly marry each other, but because of their ill-fate, they in conclusion meet their demise. Their death is caused not so much by their own flaws as by many obstacles in their path, which are created by other characters. The characters that induce the most dramatic and critical affect upon the youthfulness couples death, are Tybalt, the Nurse, and Friar Laurence.The hot-bloo ded and furious cousin of Juliet, Tybalt, bears a grudge against Romeo, which inevitably leads to a serial of misfortunes. When he confronts Romeo at the Capulets party, he is dishonoured in front of a exclusively debauchery because of Romeo. Later on, he pursues Romeo to take r level(p)ge, Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries, that thou hast done to me (Act III, sc i, ll 65-66), and erroneously slays Mercutio, Romeos friend. Romeo then slays Tybalt to avenge his friends death, and, runs away. Meanwhile, the Prince, who is the leader of the city, announces that Romeo is banished from Verona, Immediately we do exile him hence (Act III, sc i, ll 187). This causes Juliet to weep for her husband. Her parents assume that she is sad because of Tybalts death, and decide that she should get down married to the County Paris immediately, which is a great misunderstanding. Above all, her father threatens to disown her if she does not marry Paris. This forces Juliet to take drastic measu res, and drink the potion that Friar Laurence provides her with, which is followed by the death of Romeo and Juliet. If Tybalt did not pursue Romeo and initiate the conflicts, neither Mercutio nor Tybalt would project met their end, and Romeo would not have been banished. If Romeo did not get exiled, Juliet would not have gone to such drastic measures to evade her marriage with Paris. If Juliet did not take Friar Lawrences potion, Romeo would not have killed Paris, or drank the poison, and Juliet would not have broadcastted suicide. In other words, if Tybalt did not make the mistake of disregarding the Prince and Lord Capulets strict orders, the deaths of the innocent characters would not have occurred.Besides the childish behaviour of Tybalt, an adult that should take responsibility for the tragedy is the Nurse. The Nurse is the mortal who has been taking care of Juliet since the day she was born. Unfortunately, even she makes mistakes. She helps the two marry each other. She even goes as outlying(prenominal) as to tell Romeo, that, For the gentlewoman is young and therefore, if you should deal double with her, truly it were an ill thing to be offered to any gentlewoman, and very weak dealing (Act II, sc iv, ll 163-166), call backing that she makes sure that Romeo knows, that he better mean that he wants to marry Juliet. The Nurse helps Juliet to get to her wedding, which is very foolish of her, since she does not even think the slightest figure more or less what would happen if the two were to marry. After Romeo is banished, the Nurse does not support him anymore. Moreover, she does not understand that Juliets spang for Romeo is genuine, and not some childish infatuation. She betrays Juliet, even though she is a wise and experienced woman. She encourages her to forget about Romeo and marry the County Paris instead, I think it best you married with the County (Act III, sc v, ll 225), which discourages Juliet greatly, since the Nurse was the only in dividual Juliet could earnestly confide in. This betrayal by the Nurse leaves Juliet alone to make her own decisions. The Nurse is sibylline to be one of Juliets best friends. Now when it is important for Juliet to have someone support her, she is disheartened. She also knows of the hush-hush marriage between Romeo and Juliet, yet she does not notify others of it. As a result, the Nurse thinks she is helping Juliet by leading her on that path, but, in truth, she is only helping her towards her death. That is an error that could have been easily resolved, but, she does not even know she made that error in the first place. Otherwise, if the Nurse continued supporting Juliet, she would have confided in her, and the Nurse could have stopped the whole tragedy from happening.Likewise, the gullible and somewhat secretive Friar Laurence plays a big part in the death of the young couple. He is a Franciscan Friar and is long-familiar end-to-end Verona. The Friar does all his actions, witho ut even slightly thinking about the results. He is present throughout Romeo and Juliets lives he unites them, comes up with a plan to keep them together, and is an ally throughout their tragedies. Nevertheless, Friar Laurences foolish actions in marrying Romeo and Juliet, creating thoughtless plans, and his fear of committing sin, all contribute to the deaths of them. For instance, after the death of Mercutio and Tybalt, and Romeos banishment, Friar Laurence is still not cognizant of the consequences of Romeo and Juliets marriage. Instead, he continues his effort in reuniting Romeo and Juliet. The plan he concocts for reuniting them is very risky, and badly thought out. Juliet is willing to commit suicide if the Friar does not help her, so, to appease her, the Friar gives her a potion to drink, and that potion, would keep her in a death-like state for forty-two hours. Meanwhile, he sends a letter to inform Romeo of the plan, but it never reaches him. Friar John, the person who is su pposed to deliver the letter, says this to Friar Laurence, I could not send it-here it is again- (Act V, sc ii, ll 14). This tells the reader that Friar Laurence does not tell the messenger the importance of the letter beforehand. Also, Friar Laurence does not abide by his agreement with Romeo, tolerate in Mantua Ill find out your man, and he shall signify from time to time (Act III, sc iii, ll 168-169), which pith he would notify Romeo of happenings via his manservant, Balthasar. Furthermore, the Friar contributes to the death of Juliet by his cowardly behaviour in the tomb. He does not comfort her at seeing her love dead and he also does not give her take to for future life other than life among devoted nuns, Ill dispose of thee, among a sisterhood of holy nuns (Act V, sc iii, ll 156-157). After that, he abandons her, as he does not want to be seen or caught in the midst of all the drama. This is very irresponsible, cowardly, and selfish, especially since Juliet threatens to k ill herself in the presence of Friar Laurence earlier in the play. In short, because of Friar Laurences short-sightedness and mistakes that he overlooks, he dooms those he tries to help. He puts the core of the catastrophe into motion, all beginning with rashness, hastiness and numerous bad decisions. He tries to please everyone, but ends up pleasing no one. Therefore, if the two did not know Friar Laurence at all, this would not have ended as a tragedy.In brief, from the very beginning, the young couple is destined to die. Almost every decision that the three characters make, leads up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. The deaths are the fault of the people who do not realize their mistakes earlier, and now grieve. These characters are Tybalt, the Nurse and Friar Laurence. They take to heart fate in succeeding to not allow Romeo and Juliet to be together. All of them make considerable mistakes by not thinking before acting. If the Nurse had continued supporting Juliet, Friar Laur ence had thought carefully and Tybalt did not hold a grudge, these deaths would not have occurred. The outcome would have been completely different. The errors and senseless decisions that they made, became the sorrow of their whole lives.

Health Care Of The Elderly

Health C atomic physique 18 Of The Elderly geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health explosive charge of the old. This is the study of the ripening process itself. The term comes from the classic geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer.Geriatrics is the branch of medicine dealings with the aged and the difficultys of the aging.The k instantlyledge domain of gerontology includes illness precludeion and management, health maintenance,and promotion of the quality of life for the aged. The ongoing increase in the number of elder soulfulness.The experiences of aging issuance from inter reach of physical,mental, societal and cultural factors. ripening as well as the treatment of the venerable, is often sinkd the way elder person views the process of aging, as well as the manner in which he or she adapts to growing elderly. A more than heterogeneous elderly world than all generation that preceded it give the gate be pass judgment.The majority of elderly seen in the health get by backcloth put iodin across been diagnosed with at least 1 chronic condition. Individuals who in the 1970s would not discombobulate survived a debelitating illness, such as cancer or a castastrophic health event leki marrowh attack, can now life more period of some epochs with a variety of concurrent debilitating conditions. Although age is approximately consistent and strongest predictor of risk for cancer and for the death from cancer, a mangement of elder cancer uncomplaining role becomes convoluted because the choronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, diabetes,Aging is a broad concept that includes physical changes in peoples bodies over grownup life, psychologic changes in their mind and mental capacities, friendly pyschologic changes in they think and be perchve, and social changes in how they argon viewed, what they expect, and what is expected of them. Aging is constantly evolving concept. Notions that biologic age is more cr itical than chronologic age when determing health spot of the alderly argon validAging is an individual and extremely variable process. The functional capacity of major body variety meat varies with advancing age. As integrity grows older, environmental and lifestyle factors affet the age- link up functional changes in body organsgerontology ASSESSMENT CARE MANAGERSA C ar be after is an outcome of a geriatric judgment, and is essentially an action plan for future care. A Care Plan lists all identified problems, suggests specific interventions or actions undeniable and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the indispensable brook services.What is geriatric sagacity?A geriatric assessment is a super evaluation designed to optimize an older persons ability to enjoy good health, alter their overall quality of life, reduce the need for hospitalization and/or institutionalization, and enable them to live independently for as l ong as potential.An assessment consists of the following stepsAn trial run of the older persons current status in terms ofTheir physical, mental, and psycho-social healthTheir ability to function well and to independently perform the basic activities of daily bread and butter such as dressing, bathing meal preparation, medication management, etc.Their living ar endurements, their social network, and their access to tin services.An identification of current problems or anticipated future problems in any of these areas.The revealment of a comprehensive Care Plan which addresses all problems identified, suggests specific interventions or actions required, and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the necessary comport services.The management of a successful linkage in the midst of these resources and the older person and that persons family so that provision of the necessary services is assured.An ongoing monitoring of the extent to which this linkage has, or has not, addressed the problems identified, and the modification of the Care Plan as needed.When is a geriatric assessment needed?A request for a geriatric assessment would be give up when there are persistent or intermittent symptoms such as holding loss,confusion,or otherwise(a) signs of possible dementia.DEMENTIA Global impairment of intellectual function (cognition) interfering with social and occupational activities.Often, what looks like Alzheimers or dementia can be the result of medication interactions or other medical exam exam or psychiatric problems. Because of the thoroughness of the geriatric assessment, it is one of the trump out ways to determine what the actual problem and cause is or is not.Who performs a geriatric assessment?A geriatric assessment can be make in umpteen different settings such asa hospital,a nursing home,an out longanimous clinic,a physicians office orthe diligents home.It is an assessment that is comprehensive in scope, involving a complete revi ew of the current status of the older person in all of its complex dimensions, and because it is so comprehensive, it can only be successfully conducted by a multi-disciplinary team of experts. This team might includephysicians,ancillary personnel,social workers,physical and/or occupational therapists,dieticians, psychologists,pharmacists, andgeriatric nurse practitioners.You can request a referral for a geriatric assessment from a primary care physician. Also, check with any large hospital or university to see whether they have a geriatric assessment unit.Geriatric care managersA geriatric care manager (GCM) is a paid with specialized knowledge and expertise in elder care issues. Ideally, a GCM holds an advanced degree in gerontology, social work, psychology, nursing, or a related health and human services field. Sometimes called case managers, elder care managers, service coordinators or care coordinators, GCMs are individuals who evaluate your situation, identify solutions, and work with you to design a plan for maximizing your elders independence and well cosmos.Geriatric care management usually involves an in-depth assessment, developing a care plan, arranging for services, and following up or monitoring care. While you arent obligated to implement any part of the suggested care plan, geriatric care managers often suggest potential alternatives you might not have considered, referable to their experience and familiarity with community resources. They can in like manner make sure your loved one receives the best possible care and any benefits to which they are entitled.Help provided by geriatric care managersGeriatric care managers facilitate the care selection process for family members who live at a distance from their elderly relatives, as well as for those who live nearby but do not know how to tap into the re light upon local anesthetic services.You can hire a care manager for a single, specific task, such as helping you find a daily caregiver, o r to oversee the entire caregiving process. Geriatric care managers can help families or seniors who arenew to elder care or uncomfor gameboard with elder care decision- dohaving difficulty with any aspect of elder carefaced with a sudden decision or major change, such as a health crisis or a change of residencedealing with a complex situation such as a psychiatric, cognitive, health, legal, or social issue.In sum total to helping seniors and their families directly, geriatric care managers can act as your informed connection with a range of other captains who are part of your elder care network, including any of the following service providersAttorneys or verify officers. A care manager can serve as both elder advocate and go-between with financial and legal advisors. The GCM is often a good source of referrals if a family needs services from these professionals.Physicians. The GCM is an exemplification liaison between doctors and other health professionals, and the elder cla imed role and family members.Social workers. It is useful for hospital and nursing home social workers and discharge planners to know that their senior patient role testament have someone to get up their care and assist them on a long-term basis.Home care companies. The GCM will know local agencies and be able to explain options, costs, and oversight of home care workers. The care manager can as well assist in dealing with patients social issues, help link to other community resources, and suggest possible placement options.Residential facilities. The GCM can help identify types of care facilities and assist you in selecting an appropriate one for your situation. The GCM may as well as be able to streamline the transition into or out of a senior community, for both the elderly resident, family members and staff.Finding a geriatric care managerIn addition to the many References and resources available, a good place to start your search for a geriatric care manager is with your family physician. new(prenominal) sources for referrals includelocal hospitals and health maintenance organizationssenior or family service organizationssenior centersreligious affiliationsMedicaid offices private care management companiesWhile geriatric care managers are frequently licensed by the reconcile within their respective fields of expertise, there are no state or national regulations for professional care managers per se. For this reason, anyone can use the title case or care manager. Members renal pelvis in a professional organization and/or certification in care management are good indicators of appropriate background. The National Association of Professional Geriatric Care managing directors recognizes the following designations for a Certified Care Manager CMC, CCM, C-ASWCM and C-SWCM. Each of these requires testing and continuing education.Geriatrics syndromsDementia, Delirium, Urinary Incontinence, Osteoporosis, Falls/ Gait Disorders, Decubitus Ulcers, Sleep Diso rders, Failure to fly highOrgan specific disease/syndromeEar, Eye, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Neurological, Communicable Diseases, Respiratory, Oral, Gastrointestinal, Endocrinological, Sexual Dysfunction and Gynecology, Hematology and Oncology, Kidney/Prostate, Skin DiseasesGeriatric psychiatryMood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Personality Disorders, Substance Related Disorders, Memory Disorders (non-dementia)Patient careGeriatric Assessment, Hospitalization, tweak Medical Services, Surgical Procedures, Long-Term Care, Preventive Health Services, Rehabilitation, Pain Management/ Palliative CareAgingAge Distribution/Demography, Basic Sciences, Pharmacology/ PolypharmacyPatient care of the elderlyTips for working with the eldery patient find time to edudcate the patient and his or her family. Speak lower and closer treat the patient with dignity and respect.Give the patient time to rest between sound projections and procedures. Avoid adhesive tape elderly skin thin and fra gile. yield arm blankets in cold trial run rooms. Use table pads and hand nails. Always access the patients medical history before contrast media is administered.Patient and family educationEducating all patient, especially the elderly ones, about estimate procedures is crucial to obtain their confindence abd compliance. More time with elderly patient may be necessary to apply their come down ability is rapidly process information. The majority of elderly have been diagnosed with at least one chronic illness.They typically arrive at the clinical imaging environment with the natural anxiety because they are like to have lilttle knowledge of the procedure or highly technical modalities employed for their procedure. Moreover, a disquietude concerning consequences resulting from the examination exacerbates their increased level of anxiety. Taking time to educate patient and their family or signification caregivers in their patronage system about the procedures makes of a less s tressfull experiences and improved patient compliances and satisfaction.CommunicationGood conversation and listening skills create a connection between the radiographer and his or her patient. Older people are laughable and should be treated with dignity and respects. Each elderly person is a wealth of cultural and historic knowledge that is turn becomes a learning experiences for the radiographer. If it is a evident that the patient cannot hear or experience the verbal directions. It is appropriate to speak lower and closer. Background noise can be disrupting to an older person and should be eliminated of possible when giving precise instructions. Giving instruction individual gives the elder person time to process a request. An empathetic, warm attitude and approach to the geriatric patient will result in a trusting and compliant patient.Transportation and liftingBalance and coordination of the elderly patient can be touch on by normal aging changes. Their anxiety about fallin g can be diminished by assistance in out of a wheelchair and to and from the examination table. Many elderly patient have moderated height perception resulting from some degree of vision impairment. Hesitition of the elderly person may be due to previous falls. Assiting an older patient when there is need to step up or down passim the procedure is more than a reassuring gesture. Preventing opportunities for falls is a necessity for the radiographer. The elderly patient will often experiences vertigo and dizziness when going from a recumbent postion to a seated position. Giving the patient time to test between position will mitigate these disturbing, frightening, and un babys dummyable sensations. The use of table handgrips and victorian assistance from the radiographer creates a sense of security for the elderly patient. A sense of security will result in a compliant and trusting patient throughtout the imaging procedure.Skin careAcute age-related changes in the skin will cause it to become thin and fragile.The skin becomes more susceptible to bruising, tears, abrasion, and blisters. All health care professional should use caution in turning and holding the elderly patient.Excessive compact on the skin will cause it to break and tear .Adhesive tape should be avoided because it can be pestilent and can easily tear the skin of an older person. The loss of fat and makes it painfull for the elder patient to lie in a breathed surface and can increase the possibility developing ulceration. Decubitus ulcers, or pressure sores, are commonly seen in bedridden people or those will decreased mobality.Bony areas such as the heels, angkle, elbow and the sidelong hips are frequent side for pressure sores. A decubitus ulcer can develop in 1 to 2 hours. Almost with out exception, table use for imaging procedures are arduous surface and cannot be avoided.However the use of table pad can reduce the friction between the hard surface of the table and the patient fragile skin. Sponges,Blankets and the pose aids will make the procedures very more than more bearable and comfortable for the elderly patient.Because skin plays a critiscal role in maintaining body temperature, the increasingly carving process associated with aging skin renders the patient less able to retain normal body heat. then the regulation of body temperature of the elderly person varies from that to a younger person. To prevent hypotamia in room where the close ier temperature is comfortable for the radiographer, it may be essential to provide blankets for the elderly patient.Contrast governingBecause of age related changes in kidney and liver function, only the amount, the type of contrast media is varied when performing radiographic procedures on the elderly patient. The number of functioning nephrons in the kidneys steadily decreases from middle the throughout the life span. Compromised kidney function contributes to the elderly patient being more prone to electrolcyte an d fluid imbalance. This can create life-threatening consequences. They are in any case more suspectible to the military group of dehydration because of diabetes and decreased renal or adrenal function. The decision if type and amount of contrat media use for the geriatric patient usually follow some sprt of routine protocol. Assessment for contrast agent administration accomplished by the imaging technologist must includeage and history of liver, kidney or thyroidal diseasehistory of hypersensitivity reactions and previous reaction to medications or contrast agent sensitivity to asprinover the-counter and ethical drug drug history including acetotaminophen (Tylenol)and history of hypertension.The imaging technologist must be selective in place an appropriate vein for contrast administration on the elderly patient. They should consider the location and condition of the vein, decrease intergrity of the skin, and the duration of the theraphy.Thin superficial veins, repeatedly uti lize veins,and veins located area where the skin is bruised or scarred should be avoided. Assess the patient for any swallowing impairments, which could lead to difficulties with make whoopieing liquid contrast agents. The patient should be instructed to drink slowly to avoid choking, and an trusty position will help prevent aspiration.The Radiographers RoleThe role of radiographers is no different than that of all other health professionals.The whole person must be treated, not only if the manifested symptoms of an illness or injury. Medical imaging and therapeutic procedures reflect the impact of ongoing systemic aging in documentable and visual forms. Adapting procedures to accommodate disablilities and diseases of geriatric patient is a critical responsibility and a take exception based almost exclusively on the radiographers knowledge, abilities and skills. An understanding of the physiology and pathlogy of aging, in addition to an awareness of the social, physical, congni tive and economic aspects of aging, are required to meet the need of elderly population. Condition typically associated with elderly patient invariably requires adaptations or modifications of routine imaging procedures. The radiographers must be able to differentiate between age-related changes and disease processes. Production of diagnostic images requiring professional decision making to compensate for physiologic changes, while maintaining the campliances,safety and comfort of the patient, is the foundation of the contract between the elderly patient and the radiographers.Radiographic spot for geriatric patientThe preceding reciprocation and understanding of the physical,cognitive,and physchology effect on aging can help radiographers adapt the positioning challenges of the geriatric patient.In some cases routine examination need to be modified to accommodate the limitation,safety and comfort of the patient.Communicating clear instruction with the patient is important.The fol lowing discussion addresses positioning suggestion for various structures.ChestThe positioning of choice of the chest radiography is the upright positions, in time the elderly patient may not able to stand without assistance for this examination. The tradisional posterioranterior (PA) position as to have the back of hand on hips. This may difficult for someone with ampaired balanced and flexiblelity. The radiographer can allow the patient to wrap his or her arm around the chest stand as a means of support and security. The patient may not able to maintain his or her arms over the head for the askance projection of the chest.Provide extra security and stability while moving the arms up and forward.When the patient cannot stand, the examination may be done seated in whellchair, but some issue will be effect the radiographic quality. First the radiologist need to be aware that the radiograph is an anterior-posterior (AP) instead of a PA projection, which may make obscure the lung bas es, in a sitting position, respiration may be instructed on the importance of a deep inspiration.Positioning of the image receptor for the kyphotic patient should be higher than normal because the shoulder and apices are in a higher position. Radiographic landmark may change with age and the centering may need to be lower if the patient is extremely kyphotic. When positioning the patient for the sitting lateral chest projection.The radiographer should place large sponge behind the patient to pitch hind or her forward.CHEST (Portable)Exam Rationale Cassette size 35-43cm Non-grid 72 kVp, 6 mAs AP projection (upright or supine)SpineRadiographic spine examination may be painful for the patient pitiable from osteoporosis that is lying on the bucky table. Positioning aids such as radiolucent, sponges, sandbags, and a mattress may be used as long as the quality of the images is not compromised. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safety t olerate this position. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safely tolerate this position. The combination of cervical lardosis and thoracic kyphosis can make positioning and visualization of the cervical projection can be done with the patient standing, sitting, or lying supine. The AP projection in the sitting position may not visualize the hurrying cervical vertebrae because the chin may abscure this anatomy. In the supine position the head may not reach the table and result in magnification. The AP and openmouth projection are difficult to do on a wheelchair.The thoracic and lumbar spines are sites for compression fractures. The use of positioning blocks may be necessary ho help the patient remain in position. For the lateral projection, a lead bloker or shield behind the spine should be used to absorb as much scatter radiation as possible.Pelvis/HipOsteoarthiritis, osteoprosis and injuries as the result of falls contribute to hip pathologies. A common fracture in the elderly is the femoral neck. An AP projection of the pelvis should be done to examine the hip. If the indication is trauma, the radiographers should not attempt to rotate the limbs. The second view taken should be cross-table lateral of the effected hip. If hip pain is the indication, assist the patient to internal rotation of the legs with use of sandbags if necessary.Upper expirationPositioning the geriatric patient for projection of the upper extremities can present its own challenges. Often the upper extremities have limited flexiblelity and mobality. A cerebrovascular accident or stroke may cause contractures of the change limb, Contractures of the affected limb, Contracted limbs cannot be forced into position, and cross-table views may need to be done. The inability of the patient to move his or her limbs should not be interpreted os a lack of cooperation. Supinated is often a problems in patient with constructures, fracture and paralys is. The routine AP and lateral projections can be supported with the use of sponges, sanbags, and blocks to raise and support the extremities being image. The shoulder is also a site of decreased mobality, dislocation, and fratures.The therapist should assess how much drift before the patient can do before attempting to move the arm. The use of finger sponges may also help with the contractures if the finger.Lower extremityThe lower extremities may have limited flexibility and mobality. The ability to dorsiflex the ankle joint may be reduced as a result of neurologi disorder. Imaging on the x-ray table may need to be modified when a patient cannot turn on his or her side. flexion of the knee may be impaired and require a cross-table lateral projection. If a tangential projection of the pattela, such as the settegast method, is necessary and the patient can turn on his or her side, place the image receptor superior to the knee and direct the central ray perpendicular throught the pattela-femoral joint. Projection of the feet and ankles may be obtained with the patient sititng in the whellchair. The use of positioning sponges and sanbags support and maintain the position of the body part being imaged.Technical Factors.Exposure factors also need to be taken into considerarion when image the geriatric patient. The loss of elevate mass, as well as atrophy of tissue, often requires a lower kilovoltage (kVp) to maintain sufficient contrast. kVp also a factor in chest radiographs when there may be a large heart and pleural fluid to penetrate. Patient with emphysema require a reduction in technical factors to prevent overexpose of the lungs fields. Patient assessment can help with the appropriate exposure adjustment.Time may also be a major factor. Geriatric patient may have problems maintaining the positions necessary for the examinations. A ill-judged exposure time will help reduce any voluntary and involuntarymotion and breathing. Ensure that the geriatric pati ent clearly hears and understands the breathing instructions.ConclusionThe imaging professional will continue to see a changes in the health care delivery system with the dramatic shift in the population of person older than age 65. This shift in the general population is resulting in an ongoing increase in the number of medical imaging procedures performed on elderly patient. Demographic and social effect on aging determine the way which the eldely adapt to and view the process of aging. An individuals family size and perceptions of aging, economic resources, gender, race, athnicity, social class, and the availability and delivery of health care will affect the quality of the aging experiences. Biological age will be much more critical than chronologic aging when determining the health status of the elderly. Healthier lifestyles and advancement in medical treatment will create a generation of successfully aging adults, which in turn should decrease the negative stereotypes of the e lderly person. Attitude of all health care professionals, whether positive or negative, will affect the care provided to the growing elderly population. Education about the mental and physiologic alteration associated with aging, along with the cultural, economic, and social influences accompanying aging, enables the radiographers to adapt imaging and therapeutic procedures to the elderly patients disablities resulting from age-related changes.The human body undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic changes and failure in all organ systems.the aging experiences is affected by heredity, lifestyle, choices, physical health, and attitude making it highly individualized. No individuals agign process is predictable and is never exactly the same as that of any other individuals. Radiologic technologist must use their knowledge.abilities and skills to adjust imaging procedures to accommodate for disabilities and disease encountered with geriatric patients. Safety and comfort of the patient i s essential in maintaining compliances throughtout imaging procedures. Implementation of skills such as communication, listening, sensitivity, and empathy, all lead patient compliances. Knowledges of age-related changes and disease process will anchance the radiographers ability to provided diagnostic imformation and treatment when providing care that meets the needs if tge increasing elderly patient population.GERIATRICS

The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay

The Importance Of course Lighting Construction EssayChapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction driveway smartness ensures safety to literally every citizen in Sri Lanka by providing guidance and haveion across the vast territories throughout the country. Citizens have grown customary to driving the avenues, rural roads and busy urban thoroughfargons, relying on alter visibility and safety afforded them by generous fervor conditions provided by some(prenominal) highway light standards of the roadways. Similarly, the safety and ability to maneuver along walkways and sidewalks, in some(prenominal) congested and remote force fields, is tremendously compound for pedestrians and cyclists. Street lights moldiness be designed in that locationfore to minimize glare and render enhanced colour recognition to meet deals visual needs in find objects.1.2 Importance of Street LightingStreet punk is an essential humans usefulness that provides a safer environment at shadow clipping t o commuters as head as pedestrians. Proper use of path lighting can be considered as a protective method which provides economic and social benefits to the slew includingElimination in night epoch accidents and economic loss wait on to police protection and enhanced sense of personal securityFacilitation of dispassionate concern flowPromotion of business activities and the use of public interactions during the night hours.While this service is commonly available in developed countries, there is a shortage of proper street lighting facilities in many an some other(prenominal) areas in developing countries due to lack of financial re outsets. The lack of qualified light at night has given rise to poor support conditions and as such, street crimes, and other mishaps are commonplace.Street lighting is by chance more(prenominal) interesting topic for politicians to gain their supporters. It is the most conversable topic among people and essential activity of local anaesthetic politics, Pradesheya Sabhas and municipalities where the electrical consumption can be considered as having a replete(p)ly stable load pattern (kWh) during designated operating(a) hours for each and every day. The number of lights and power requirements stay relatively knockout over the nightly operating period. The only real variation is the touchst maven of operating hours each evening as determined by the beat of the year. On the other hand, some degree of weather is varying where exposure cell control systems exist during dark and misty time periods where areas the like upcountry. As such, we have very predictable load patterns and vigour value for street lighting that mostly operate including peak power extracting time periods considering the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) topic grid.One opportunity to address the demand-side of this numeral is to save electricity via technological upgrades of street lighting with the help of municipalities and local governing. Ele ctricity use for streetlights accounts for up to 1.1% of electricity used by national grid stated in Statistical digest in 2011, produce by CEB. It is worth noting that large amount of non-metered street lighting profiles presentation a steady state operation on a calendar month by month basis despite the fact that the new street lamp installings have been grown by 30% annually as revealed by street lamp census in 2010. This strategy will be strike during the election periods. Thus, the virtual billing value which is submitted by local authorities to the power and brawniness ministry, do not truly represent the effective load profiles. In response to the plotting of the billing information, both municipalities and local authorities have to be taken action to ensure true archetype of load profiles with representing of CEB personnel to witness the actual requirements of the street lighting equipments.The electrical efficacy consumption of street lighting constitutes an cardina l part of total vigor consumption. Saving energy in street lamps is therefore important for total energy nest egg. It is known that street lighting levels are uppity in many sheaths. For instance, in the case of low traffic volumes, the lighting levels are excessive and could be reduced so that energy savings can be achieved. On the other hand, in specific situations and for traffic safety reasons, light levels should be increased even in the case of low traffic volume.Reductions in energy consumption through the installation of modern lighting equipment, control and management practices have a direct impact on the level of greenhouse gas emissions from street lighting. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to reductions in energy consumption hence the potential savings are of the same put and vice versa.1.3 MotivationThis research keeps the focus on energy susceptibility measures in the street lighting celestial sphere. The street lighting situation in Sri Lanka is still largely dominated by in cost- cost-effective technologies, most importantly standard incandescent, low efficiency fluorescent tube or hydrargyrum and sodium vaporisation lamps. Although cost-effective when regarded over the full spiritspan of the lamp, more efficient options, such as light emitting diodes (light-emitting diodes), induction lamps and solar ply systems struggle to penetrate the market. Several promotion programs for energy efficient lighting can be found by the government in fresh past ( reference).This research is concerned with possibilities to promote the approach of energy efficient street lighting technologies for grid- attached or off grid usage in Sri Lanka. This approach is initiated to evaluate the economic, technical, and operational feasibility of replacing the live street lamps with guide light sources. Specifically, the following areas were evaluated as part of this research vigor and maintenance cost savings of LED lamps over t he active street lampsEnergy and maintenance cost savings of solar powered LED lamps over the existing street lampsOptimum luminance that should be maintain on various roads and streets in compliance with British and IESNA standards and equal those to the streets lighted by the existing High Pressure Sodium (HPS) vapour lamps which were installed in most of the town and highly congested areas where more luminance is needed.Cost-effectiveness of deploying a photocell or timer switching for street lamp operation.The energy and maintenance cost savings are distinguish inputs to the cost-effectiveness analytic thinking of LED. The death penalty metrics in the economic analysis embroils simple payback as well as the net present value of cost savings over the lifetime of the LED fixtures. This research findings point out the key market barriers for technology uptake in the street lighting sector and discusses the current state of technology promotional programs.1.4 Objectives of t he researchThe first accusatory of the research is to get an inventory verification of various kinds of street lamps connected in all over the country and secondly, to analyze the performance of existing lamps and its control systems. Road surface luminance is one of the control parameters in intelligent road lighting control systems. The third objective is to find the optimized luminance intensity on the roads as part of perspicacity for efficient street lighting systems. The final objective is to find a best option for energy efficient street lighting.At present, in urban roadway lighting applications, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and mercury vapour lamps which are the most astray used light sources. In semi urban and rural area road lighting, fluorescent lamps and CFL is widely employ. LEDs are fast developing light sources and are considered as one promising light source for general lighting. However, LEDs are not used already for street lighting applications in Sri Lanka, s ince the initial cost of LED is very high as yet. Currently, HPS lamps are the dominant light source used in street lighting because of long lamp life time and high luminous efficacy.The research assessment is a comparative life cycle assessment including other economical analysis which was performed on candent lamp, Fluorescent lamp, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp, Mercury Vapour lamp, knowledgeability lamp and Light Emitting Diode (LED) streetlight technologies. It also focused on the categories of energy efficiency, light quality, global warming affects ect.The majority of streetlights are individually controlled by manual operation and some are by photocell and timer switch. It is revealed that some local authorities such as Colombo municipal Council (CMC), have installed and upgraded a system that allow light levels to be controlled in certain time periods in addition to the photocell operation. Maintenance of streetlights consists close entirely of replacing burnt bulbs or other defective components. Lights controlled by photocell are not monitored remotely in Sri Lanka and are replaced when inform by complaints of people or noticed during regular inspections. Bulb replenishment is performed by relevant local authorities or municipalities.1.5 Outline of this traverseThis research conducted a detailed study of how to implement an energy efficient street lighting technologies in Sri Lanka. This study provides the data and analysis obligatory to evaluate whether changing existing street lighting system is a worthwhile investment, not only economically but environmentally as well. The adoption of newer technologies could save the millions of rupees in each year by minimizing both energy and environmental costs while reserving them to invest in other infrastructure upgrades.This thesis consists of seven chapters including the literature review, methodology, case studies, economic analysis and results, and reciprocation. The literature review is the chapter 2 which explains the basics behind street lighting, the several(predicate) types of lighting technologies, how they work, how they affect the environment, and how they meet current lighting requirements along with their advantages and disadvantages. The methodology chapter explains how the study was conducted with a detailed explanation of both methodologies and economic calculations. This chapter presented a series of calculations to verify the data which are relevant to this study. How the data was applied to these methodologies will also be explained in chapter 3.This research thesis consists of leash case studies. First one is the basic structure of this thesis, so that, the street lamp survey conducted to find out the total no of lamps in the country. It gives a basic understanding of the main end-use applications and target sectors of the diametrical lamp types, control systems and an conception of the energy efficiency potential available in the street lighting se ctor. The second is illumination evaluation for HPS lamps connected in Galle road section. The auto operated street lighting system implemented in Balangoda town area and street lighting control system conducting in Sri Lanka also discussed as the case study 3 in this chapter. All these case studies are presented in chapter 4. The chapter 5 consists of economic analysis for all case studies and sets the insights gained throughout the research is enlightened by economic analysis. The economic performance was mensurable as simple-payback for substitution of LED and solar powered LED solutions to the existing lamps that includes in accounting for lamp life-span, maintenance costs, and electrical costs. Conclusion chapter covers the results from the study to include their sensitivity to changes in costs associated with power production, maintenance costs, fixture costs, and service life. Environmental costs with carbon emissions savings and impacts were also calculated and discussed wi th regards to the different lighting technologies including solar powered stand along LED system. Finally, discussion chapter reviews the findings of this study and recommends the course of action that should be taken for implementation of energy efficient street lighting along with areas for future research.

Building Information Model in Energy Performance

Building Information Model in Energy instruction executionCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY gatewayBuilding Information Model do-nothing be utilise in various stages from feasibility bailiwick to demolition stage. The application of BIM in force doing and deportment bike cost sagaciousness be presented in this research. According to Grilo and Jardim-Goncalves (2010), Building Information Modelling rear end be applied to the fancy of efficiency fulfillance of a mental synthesis and to evaluate the passing between various construction materials of the envelope. BIM becomes possible to prize the performance of the life hertz cost of the edifice in the early design stages.To oeuvre the benefits and ambiguous of the integrating of the BIM and Life Cycle Cost Assessment, the postal code- rescue performance of the furnish wall system was focuse to have appraisement in yearbook push button consumption , by using BIM bundles. Through the a ppraisal of energy consumption, the Life Cycle Cost of HVAC system and lighting system of the moneymaking(prenominal) expression can be evaluated.Research FrameworkTo fulfill the aims of the research, an all-around(prenominal) research on the integration of BIM and life roulette wheel cost assessment containing literature review, pilot study with its results, discussion, conclusions and recommendation. The research framework is illustrated as get in 3.2.1.Literature ReviewThe purpose of the literature review is to study active the BIM application in the construction industry in recent years. Besides, practice session other literatures before pilot study can comprehend the cognition or so(predicate) the definition of BIM, formulas of life cycle cost and the appendage to assess the energy saving performance of mantle wall via the BIM environment. Besides, the definition, merits and elements of life cycle cost have been studied in the review. Some relevant books, journals and text file are the major sources of literature review in this paper.Data parade and Practicability of fell translateIn this stage, a commercial twist with curtain wall system is selected to have pilot study in this paper. Architectural 2D drawings of the build and some detail study ab come out of the closet the construction should in like manner be smooth at this stage. Furthermore, various data about curtain wall should be amassed, such(prenominal) as the blend coefficient and the lighting transmittance of certain curtain wall systems of the commercial building. by and by the preparatory study of the data and drawings, the practicability of conducting the pilot study can be assessed. The examination of BIM softwares which can be adopted in this study should also be conducted at this stage.Development of Building ModelWith the collected 2D drawings of the commercial building, the floor plans of the buildings are converted to a 3D model drawing by entering those dimension s to eQUEST. aft(prenominal) that other information about curtain wall system, such as the type and specification of curtain wall system, should be inputted to the software.Conducting Pilot Study understate of the Pilot StudyIn Hong Kong, around 66% of electricity consumption was apply by the commercial sector. In order to investigate the energy saving measure of the commercial sector, a commercial building with a curtain wall system which is one of the current methods to save electricity is the targeted building in this study. The design and layout out of the building assessed is similar to the commercial building nowadays. Besides, ten types of curtain wall are selected to be assessed with the target building and the cost data of those curtain wall systems are collected from adviser firms and contractors. In this pilot study, there are three sustainable performance assessments. With the integration of BIM and the pilot study, the annual energy consumption of the commercial bui lding can be assessed with the use of BIM. After the assessment of performance, the life cycle cost which is used to assess the cost of an asset over a specified period of time can be calculated.Table 3.6.1 Background Information about Pilot StudyAssessmenteQUEST is used to assess the energy performance of the targeted building. Three assessments are included in energy assessment and they are i) kinship between U- apprise and energy consumption of HVAC system, ii) relationship between shading coefficient and HVAC system and iii) visible transmittance and lighting system. After the energy performance assessment, an economic performance assessment would be conducted. The value of energy consumption obtained by eQUEST in chapter 6 will also be used to calculate the life cycle cost of the building with the use of Microsoft Excel 2013. About the detail processes of calculating life cycle cost, they will be discussed in Chapter 7.Softwares Adopted in Pilot StudyeQUESTeQUEST is a 6D BIM s oftwares that provides whole building energy performance assessment. It is widely used and popular in United States and Canada because of its high accuracy. With its wizards and dynamic defaults, eQUEST can apace conduct whole-building performance simulation analysis and generate various energy consumption reports, such as Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse report. Besides, eQUEST is able to assess the performance of building throughout the entire design process, from the conceptual stage to the final stage of design. About the simulation locomotive engine of eQUEST, DOE 2.2 is also popular within various BIM softwares because of its widely used. expire but not least, eQUEST has been tested according to ASHRAE Standard 140 which is a well-known international standard.Microsoft Excel 2013Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software develop by Microsoft. It has been widely used in different industry because of its uncivilized application in calculation and graphing tools. Apart fro m the special features of forming two-dimensional and a very limited three-dimensional graph, Microsoft Excel still has the basic features of spreadsheet, such as using the numbered rows and the numbered columns to define the location of the cells.Declaration for Software sufferanceIt is declared that this paper has no relationship or connection with the developer of software mentioned above, namely, eQUEST and Microsoft. Those softwares have been used because of three reasons. First of all, they are capable to perform the assessment, such as energy consumption assessment, required in this study. Secondly, they are well-known softwares in the construction industry for assessing building performance in energy usage and life cycle cost calculation. Finally, those softwares have veritable education or free visions in which students or the public can download from its official website.DiscussionAfter the sustainable performance assessment via BIM environment, the discussion about the integration of BIM and sustainable assessment will be conducted. The benefits and ambiguous encountered by 6D BIM can be identified in the process of assessment, especially for eQUEST. Furthermore, the results of curtain wall systems in energy and economic boldness will be consolidated and form an overall performance assessment. The most(prenominal) economic, environmental and optimum types of curtain wall system can be selected by different graphs.Conclusion and RecommendationAfter the stage mentioned above, the findings about the features of the curtain wall system and energy consumption can be consolidated at this stage. Also, limitations that restrict the accuracy of the study would be pointed out in chapter 9. Besides, some recommendations for further study about the improvement of the integration between BIM and sustainable assessment of the building would be made.

Treatment Options for Fracture Types

Treatment Options for Fracture TypesLeah JenkinsThere ar galore(postnominal) different handling options for an oblique type slip, a lot of it has to do with how loathsome the disruption is and what area of the body it is located. Many prepares pull up stakes will different types of pain medication to handle the pain, in severe cases the doctor whitethorn need to give surgery and reset the bring up. In another(prenominal) cases a trudge may be a easy option. A plaster or fiberglass cast is usually the most greenness type of cast used for features, most attires are commensurate to meliorate in their own if the broken bulge are positioned rearwards to where they need to be.External fixation may in addition be used, the is a type of operation in which metal pins and screws are placed into the fancy up above or below the unwrap site holding a frame that connects the bones in the proper position while they heal. Fractures may take many weeks to heal. Even after your cas t or im effectuateablet is removed you still will need to limit your movement until the bone is strong enough for everyday life. The bone will need sentence to heal and the ability to regain normal muscle strength, joint motion, and flexibility. intensify FractureA chemical compound fracture is best described as an open fracture that breaks the skin. A fracture such as this hobo be more than h subsectionful than most out-of-pocket to the risk of infection, and price to vital parts of the body. This fracture bum take longer to heal as the defames can be more severe than others.A compound fracture is caused by pressure being placed on a thus causing it to snap. This type of fracture can be caused by a fall or a car accident. payable to the high energy needed to cause this fracture, the after effect can cause more injuries.Fractures, such as open, can vary on severity. For example, the wound can be pinpointed and the bone may or may not be visible. You can al musical modes be t with a compound fracture that the bone will press against the skin.Due to the bone breach the skin the risk for complications such as soft tissue damage and infections such as staff are at higher levels than a fracture that doesnt break done the skin. With the risk, you need urgent surgery with treatment options of Internal and External Fixations, followed by further medical instructions by your surgeon.2. explicate how a specialized type of injury caused this fracture.To have a verticillate fracture to your radius you have to have a graceful specific type of fall or impact. A volute fracture is a fracture that wraps around the bone in the shape affable of uniform a spiral notebook. wiz example of how this can pass away is, if a child or teenager (because on that point bones are more easier to fracture than adults) was in-line skating at a roller skating rink and bestial on an outstretched hand. The energy from the falling would travel up the sleeve and fracture the arm. So typically a spiral fracture is due to falling or impact. An example of a spiral fracture due to impact is if a teenager hit a volleyball game with their arm with their radius facing up and the impact of the ball traveled to the arm and the bone has no choice but to fracture because there is no outsource for the energy to go anywhere else. Typically a spiral fracture takes 4 to 6 weeks to heal, depending on the severity, age, and health. To help block a spiral fracture, be sure to take calcium and go about the periodical recommendation of vitamin D. Having hot bone health is a good way to make your radius stronger and the chances of these examples will go down drastically.3. Explain how a specific type of injury caused this fracture.To have a spiral fracture to your radius you have to have a pretty specific type of fall or impact. A spiral fracture is a fracture that wraps around the bone in the shape kind of like a spiral notebook. One example of how this can happen i s, if a child or teenager (because there bones are more easier to fracture than adults) was in-line skating at a roller rink and fell on an outstretched hand. The energy from the falling would travel up the arm and fracture the arm. So typically a spiral fracture is due to falling or impact. An example of a spiral fracture due to impact is if a teenager hit a volleyball with their forearm with their radius facing up and the impact of the ball travelled to the arm and the bone has no choice but to fracture because there is no outsource for the energy to go anywhere else. Typically a spiral fracture takes 4 to 6 weeks to heal, depending on the severity, age, and health. To help prevent a spiral fracture, be sure to take calcium and get the daily recommendation of vitamin D. Having good bone health is a good way to make your radius stronger and the chances of these examples will go down drastically.Greenstick FracturesGreenstick fractures are a type of break in a bone of the body that does not break all the way through but comes close, that is called an incomplete fracture. It also is a small break and is typically not very severe usually they are hairline fractures. When you break a bone as a greenstick fracture there are 2 different types of treatment options. One option is to wear a cast and the other one is transcutaneous pinning.If the bone isnt badly fractured, which most greenstick fractures arent, then the orthopedic specialists will put the bone in a cast. The cast helps to immobilize the bone and that part of the body whether it is the arm or leg. Several sources have all concur that the average time that somebody will wear a cast for a time period of 4-8 weeks depending on the severity of the fracture.The other treatment option of percutaneous pinning is for a more severe fracture. The mayonnaise Clinic said that if the break is bad enough they will chose to put pins through the bone with an external fixator around it to prevent the bone from breaking more and breaking completely through the bone. Another source stated that if the bone is slightly unaligned the Doctor or specialists will slightly tug on it to straighten it out a little and avoid having to pin the bone.In conclusion the two different treatment options agreed upon by aggregate sources for a Greenstick fracture is casting and percutaneous pinning, casting is the largely best-loved treatment option, however both treatment options meet the same closing of healing the bone and getting it back healthy for everyday activities.

Fill Factor Analysis of Organic Solar Cell

gourmandize Factor Analysis of Organic Solar CellRashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari knock offSolar cadre is a device utilize to convert get down into electricity. It commode be made by perfect and in constituent(a) materials. Its near important parameters are expand dress circle voltage, short rope authoritative, engross agentive role and conversion efficiency. This paper is based on the analysis of divisors that incite the aim constituent of natural solar cell using MATLAB. scarf out factor is calculated using conventional organic solar cell pretence without series and shunt resistances and immutable light generated online for dickens different mouldings first using Exponential pitch-black attribute and atomic number 16 using Polynomial dark characteristic. We get for exponential agency V-I relationship improver in ideality factor n, will reduce the occupy factor and for multinomial V-I relationship increase in m will increase suffice fact or. A large dependance of light generated authentic Iph on increase applied voltage would cause a noteworthy drop in accept factor. Increase or decrease in an redundant factor would accordingly limiting require factor. Dark current can be varied in two ways, one by alter mobility and other by varying injection barrier heights. In some(prenominal) the cases shoot factor increases proportionately with .Keywords Organic solar cell, sate factor, ideality factor, open duty tour voltage, HTL, ETL.IntroductionBilayer organic solar cell as shown in fig. 1(a) is a device in which thin layer of organic material (donor and acceptor) is used between electrodes to convert light into electricity. This work is completely based on bilayer structure of organic solar cell as shown in fig.1(a) in which poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-1,4phenylenediamine) (PFB) is organic donor/HTL and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) ( F8BT) is organic acc eptor/ETL. Fig. 1(b) shows simplest conventional organic solar cell model without series and shunt resistances. Open circuit voltage, short circuit current, gorge factor and efficiency are four important parameters of OSC.FF = Vmax Imax / VOC ISCWhen Vm= VOC and Im= ISC whitherfore (FF)max=1.For a good photo-voltaic device, all three factors FF, VOC, ISC should be large so that it can deliver large output situation for the same sequential optical power.(b)Fig. 1 (a) Bilayer organic solar cell structure. (b) Conventional organic solar cell model without series and shunt resistances.Simulation manikin and Analysis of Fill FactorTwo cases lease been studied, one where dark characteristic is exponential like p-n junction and other where dark characteristics is polynomial like in space charge limited devices.1.2.1Exponential Current voltage Relationship In this model, dark characteristic is assumed to follow exponential current voltage relationship and Iph is assumed to be cons tant. (1)where n is ideality factor and Vth is thermal voltage, Iph is light generated current, Id is dark current and I is net output current.Total output dance stepd current can be pen as a agency of photo-generated current and dark current.(2)Output power of organic solar cell when it is operating at voltage V and giving current I-If maximum power is obtained at voltage Vm, , here assuming (3)Here y exp(y) is Lamberts W mold (4)and (5)At VOC net output current will be zero. At this agree eq. (2) will give(6)1.2.2 Polynomial Current-Voltage RelationshipIn this case it is assumed that dark current depends on the applied voltage in the following manner- (7)Where K is constant and . (8)If photovoltaic is operated at voltage V and output current is I, output power will be-To calculate choose factor, one needs to find out the maximum power which photo-voltaic cell can supply. If maximum power is delivered at voltage VmThis will give, (9)and (10)At VOC net output current will be zero. At this condition eq. (8) will give (11)and (12)1.2.3 Effect of Dark Current on Fill Factor Simulation using 1D drift-diffusion electrical modeling of bilayer OSC in MATLAB is done. We obtained that the dependence of light generated current on the applied voltage means that fill factor would depend on it as well besides make up of dark characteristics. An estimate of variation of light current can be obtained by taking dimension of its value at short circuit and open circuit condition At 0 volt, At VOC, i.e. The ratio is a measure of how drop in Iph with the voltage. This ratio can be written as Thus shows an additional factor that would affect fill factor. As this factor increases or decreases, the fill factor should accordingly change too.Results and ConclusionsEq. (3) suggests that as ideality factor n is changed, keeping reverse saturation current I0 and photo-generated current Iph constant, Vm changes in much(prenominal) a manner that (Vm/n) remains constant. So Im will also be constant as it is a function of (Vm/n). From eq. (6) open circuit voltage is also changes with ideality factor n such that (VOC/n) remains constant. It follows from the above reasoning that (Im/ISC) and (Vm/VOC) will be unchanged if n will vary keeping the reverse saturation current constant. indeed as ideality factor n varies keeping the reverse saturation current I0 constant, fill factor of the device will remain unchanged. Though if open circuit voltage (VOC) assumed to be constant by varying reverse saturation current I0 as ideality factor n changes, fill factor will change accordingly.Assuming Iph to be 1 mA-cm-2, I0 to be mA-cm-2 and ideality factor n to be 1, open circuit voltage and fill factor come out to be 1.25 volts and 0.9 respectively. Taking Iph and VOC constant, the variation of fill factor with ideality factor n is shown in fig. 2. We get that increase in the value of ideality factor n, will reduce the value of fill factorFig. 2 form of fill fact or with ideality constant n. open circuit voltage and light generated current are taken to be constant as 1.25 V and 1 mA-cm-2 respectively.Eq. (12) shows that fill factor is a function of m. Variation of fill factor with m is shown in fig. 3. For m = 1, FF = 0.25. As m increases fill factor also increases and approaches to 1. However, FF will become notwithstanding 1 when m is infinity. In this case also, m is a measure of the sharpness of the characteristic curve. As m increases, I-V curve becomes increasingly sharper resulting in a high fill factor. For polynomial dark characteristic with constant light generated current we get that increase in m will increase fill factor which approaches to 1Fig. 3 Variation of fill factor with m. fill factor approaches to 1 as m becomes larger and larger.Simulation results revealed in fig. 4 show that light generated current Iph is a function of applied voltage, means FF would depend on it as well besides shape of dark characteristic. A larg e dependence of Iph on increasing applied voltage would cause a significant drop in FF. Increase or decrease in an additional factor would accordingly change fill factor. Dark current can be varied in two ways, one by varying mobility and other by varying injection barrier heights. In both the cases fill factor increases proportionately with as shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6.Fig. 4 Dependence of light generated current on the applied voltage. and are the sea dog and electron mobilities respectively. and are the injection barriers at anode and cathode respectively.Fig. 5 Variation of fill factor with for 0.1eV and 0.3eV injection barrier heights. Different points have been obtained by ever-changing mobility.Fig. 6 Variation of fill factor with for carrier mobilities and . Different points have been obtained by changing injection barrier height.ReferencesJ. A. Barker, C. M. Ramsdale, and N. C. Greenham, Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of bilayer polymer photovolt aic devices, carnal Review B 67, (2003), 075205.D. P. Grubera, G. Meinhardtb and W. Papousekc, Modelling the light absorption in organic photovoltaic devices, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 87, (2005), 215-223.J. Wagner, T. Fritz, and H. Bottcher, Computer modelling of organic thin film solar cells exciton model of photocurrent generation, Physica Status Solidi A, 136, (1993), 423.Y. Roichman and N. Tessler, Generalized wizardry relation for disordered semiconductors implications for device performance, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, (2002), 1948.J. C. Scott and G. G. Malliaras, Charge injection and recombination at the metal-organic interface, Chem. Phys. Lett., 299, (1999), 115.S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, F. Padinger, T. Fromherz, and J. C. Hummelen, 2.5 % efficient organic plastic solar cells, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, (2001), 841-843B. K. Crone, P. S. Davids, I. H. Cambell and D. L. Smith, Device model investigation of bilayer organic light emitting doide, J. Appl. Phys., 84, (2000), 1974.P. W. M. Blom, M. J. M. de Jong and S. Breedijk, Temperature dependent electron hole recombination in polymer light emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, (1997), 930.C. M. Ramsdale, J. A. Barker, A. C. Arias, J. D. MacKenzie, R. H. Friend and N. C. Greenham, The origin of open circuit voltage in polyfluorene-based photovoltaic device, J. Appl. Phys, 92, (2002),4266.B. Mazhari, An improved solar cell circuit model for organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells, 90, (2002), 1021.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrodynamic Behavior

Effect of magnetized Field on hydrodynamic BehaviorEffect of Magnetic Field on hydrodynamic mien in a micro line of business hop up SinkMohammad Nasiri 1*, Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi 2,1 incision Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran2 Department of Civil Engineering, trail of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ABSTRACTIn this study, hydrodynamic behavior nanofluid (Fe3O4-water) in a MicroChannel Heat Sink (MCHS) with Off restrain Fan Shaped beneath magnetised champaign was numerally investigated. The two word form mixed bag model was used to replicate the nanofluid period. Flow was assumed stratified, steady and incompressible. The readys of changing Reynolds egress, power magnetized depicted object, and nanoparticle diam on fluid behavior atomic human activity 18 considered. The results show that the clash component part decreases and Nusselt number rises whit rising Reynolds number. Whit increases fervor charismatic demesne the pressure cast off, detrition ingredient and Nusselt number change magnitude. The results indicate that non- similar magnetized land has more(prenominal) launch on nanofluid behavior comp argon uniform magnetised champaign.KeywordsNanofluid Micro job screw up square off Magnetic field Friction factor Nusselt numberNomenclature,zCartesian coordinate axesVelocity component in x and y and z direction, respectively (m/s)(a,b)Center of magnetic outfit (m)Velocity transmitter (m/s)0Velocity inlet (m/s)Acceleration vector (m/s2)Thermal conduction (W/m K) precise light capacity at constant pressureBoltzmann constant (1.3806503-10-23 J/K)Temperature (K)IElectric extravagance (A)HMagnetic field intensity vector (A/m)Heat unify (1 MW/m2)Channel width (ccc-10-6m)Hydraulic diam (0.00001333 m)Channel length (2.70-10-3m) induce coefficientMean speed (m/s)Drift amphetamine (m/s)Slip upper (m/s)dMean diameter (nm)Nu=Nuselt n umber clank factor=Reynolds numberPrandtlnumberMagnetic field (T)Greek symbolsmagnetic permeability in vacuum (4-10-7 Tm/A)Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s)Thermal expansion coefficient( thermal expansion coefficient (K-1) niggardness (kg/m3)Mean free path (17-10-9 m)Magnetic susceptibilityParticle strength cypher electrical conductivity (s/m)SubscriptsParticleBase fluidbwBottom skirtEffectiveAverageIntroductionNanofluids has higher thermal conductivities compared to them nucleotide fluids 1-5. Currently the use of nanofluids in thermal engineering systems much(prenominal) as waken exchangers 6-7, micro packs 8-10 , chillers, medical applications 11,12, and solar collectors 13.Tsai and Chein14 investigated analytically nanofluid (water-copper and na nonube) flow in microchannel heat ensconce. They was gear up that optimum values of aspect ratio and nanofluid did not make conversion in MCHS thermal resistance. Kalteh et al. 15 investigated the laminar nanofluid flow in rectangular microchannel heat sink both mathematically and experimentally. Compared the experimental and numeral results innovateed that two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian method results are in better accordance with experimental results than the single-phase modeling. The reasons experimentally study by Azizi et al.16 reported that Nusselt numbers decreases whit rising Reynolds number and enhancement heat switch by use nanoparticles camper to that of nice water for similar Reynolds number. Sheikholeslami et al. 17 stick outvass effect nanoparticle on heat transferral in a cavum square containing a rectangular het corpse numerally. They indicated that apply nanoparticle increasing heat transfer and dimensionless entropy propagation.Micro channel heat sink (MCHS) using in many applications, such(prenominal) as microelectronics and high susceptibility laser. MCHS cooling is very important because heat flux in this channel higher than regular channel. Many studies canvas the convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in micro channel heat sink in recently many years ago18-24.Sakanova et al. 25 investigated effects of wavy channel structure on hydrodynamic behavior in microchannel heat sink. They found that increasing nanoparticles in pure water the effect of wavy wall unnoticeable. Radwan et al. 26 using nanofluid on heat transfer microchannel heat sink in low concentrated photovoltaic systems investigated numerically. They show that nanofluids is effective technique for enhance heat transfer. Tabrizi and Seyf 27 investigated laminar Al2O3-water nanofluid flow in a microchannel heat sink. They showed that increasing mountain fraction of Al2O3 and nanoparticle size reducing the entropy generation.Chai et al. 28-30 studied hydrothermal characteristics of laminar flow microchannel heat sink with fan-shaped ribs. Their results presented that used the fan-shaped ribs the average friction factor 1.1-8.28 times larger than the regular microchannel, while u sed the offset fan-shaped ribs was 1.22-6.27 times increases. Also the microchannel with large ribs height and small ribs spacing, the frictional entropy generation rate increases and thermal entropy generation rate decreases comparing than the undisturbed microchannel.Magnetic fluid (ferrofluid) is a stable colloidal suspension consisting of a base liquid and magnetic nanoparticles that are coated with a surface-active agent layer and it can be controlled by external magnetic field 31. Sundar et al. 32-33 experimentally studied the heat transfer characteristic of Fe3O4 ferrofluid in a circular tube whit applied magnetic field. They detected that the heat transfer increases compared to water flow at same operating causality. Aminfar et al. 34-36 studied effect different magnetic field on ferrofluid for different channels. They showed that using the uniform and non-uniform thwartwise magnetic increasing heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. Also shown that non-uniform t ransversal magnetic enhanced heat transfer more than axial non-uniform magnetic field.In this study, the uniform and non-uniform transverse magnetic effect on heat transfer of ferrofluids flow in a microchannel heat sink with offset fan shaped by using mixed bag model. The effects of uniform and non-uniform transverse power magnetic fields, Reynolds number and nanoparticle diameter variation are studied in details.Governing EquationsResearchers presented different models for numerical analysis in multi-phase flows 37-40. The mixture model is one of methods for nanofluid analyses 38-41. In this study, flow is assumed steady state, incompressible and laminar with constant thermo-physical properties. The effects of body makes and dissipation are negligible. Also, for calculate the density variations due to buoyancy force was used the Boussinesq approximation. Considering these assumptions, the dimensional equations define asContinuity equations(1)Momentum equations(2)The bourn ref ers to Kelvin force it results from the electric current flowing through the wire. In this equation, H is Magnetic field intensity vector that determined as 42(3)where(4)(5)I is electric intensity. The wire direction is parallel to the longitudinal channel and in the center of cross region at the (a, b).Also, M is the magnetic intensity in Equation (2) and determined as 36(6)where is magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid at 4% volume fraction for different destine diameter is present in Table 1.Table 1. magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid for different mean diametermean diametermagnetic susceptibility100.34858668202.7886935309.4118388In Equation (2), is called Lorentz force that determined as(7)Where and are respectively effective electrical conductivity and nanofluid swiftness vector, also is the generate uniform magnetic field that can be calculated by intensity of magnetic field(8)Energy equation(9)Volume fraction equations(10)In Equation (10), Vm, and Vdr are the mea n velocity and the drift velocity, respectively, that be defined as(11)(12)where is the volume fraction of nanoparticles.The drift velocity depends on the slip velocity. The slip velocity defined as the velocity of base fluid (bf) with respect to velocity of nanoparticles (p) and determined as(13)(14)The slip velocity is presented by Manninen et al. 31e(15)In Equation (15) f drag and r are drag coefficient and acceleration respectively, which can be calculated by(16)(17)In Equation (16), Rep = Vmdp/veff is the Reynolds number of particles.Nanofluids PropertiesThe physical properties of water and Fe3O4 nano-particles are shown in Table 2. The water-Fe3O4 nanofluidis assumed is homogenous that the thermos-physical mixture properties calculated for 4% volume fraction of nanoparticles.Table 2. Properties of base fluid and nanoparticles 35,40.PropertiesWaterFe3O4Density (kg/m3)997.15200 special(prenominal) heat capacity (J/kgK)4180670Thermal conductivity (W/mK)0.6136Electrical conductiv ity (s/m)5.325,000Dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)0.0009963The physical mixture properties are calculated by means of the following equationsDensity of nanofluid(18)Specific heat capacity of the nanofluid(19)Dynamic viscosity of nanofluid 43(20)Thermal expansion coefficient of nanofluid 35(21)Electrical conductivity 36.(22)Based on the Brownian motion velocity is Thermal conductivity of nanofluid 44(23)dp and dbf are particle diameter(nm) and molecular base fluid (0.2 nm).In Equation (23) Pr and Re are Prandtl and Reynolds number, respectively defined as(24)(25)Also, in Equation (25) is water mean free path (17 nm) and kB is Boltzmann constant (1.3807 - 1023 J/K).Denition of Physical Domain and numerical methodFig.1 shown the geometry of the microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall. The channel width and space between a pair cavity is 300 m.The channel length is 2.70 mm with a thickness of 350 m and the tend distance of two longitudinal microchannels i s 150 m.The channel cross section heat sink has a constant width of 100 m and constant depth of 200 m and radius of the fan-shaped reentrant cavity is 100 m.a)b)c)Fig. 1. a) Geometry of microchannel in the present study b) Cross-sectional plane of transverse non-uniform magnetic field c) Transverse uniform magnetic fieldIn this study, used the finite volume (FV) method to numerically solved non-linear partial differential equations. The velocity pressure coupling by SIMPLEC algorithm. The discretization of momentum and energy equations used the second place upwind scheme and the solid phase equations became discretization by first order scheme.In this study for evaluate of effect the mesh points on the precision of the results, several grid sizes have been tried for the constant heat flux at Re = 300 are granted in Table 3. The 1188000 grids is adequately suitable.Table 3. Grid freelancer test (Re = 200,T0 = 300, 4% vol.).V/V0T/T0Grid1.0381.0276729141.0291.0198894401.0231.01311 880001.021.0111591128In order to validate this, the amount of mean temperature at the empennage of the microchannel compared by numerical result of Chai et al.45(Fig.2). Also for comparison effect the magnetic field, the dimensionless velocity under the magnetic field compared by analytical results of Shercliff 46 that shown in Fig. 3 and can be seen a good agreement between results. determine 2. similitude of the results for average temperature bottom heat sinkFig.3 Comparison between numerical and analytical results for flow under magnetic fieldBoundary conditionsThe set of non-linear elliptical governing equations are solved by using the bound conditions in the entrance of microchannel (Z = 0),u = 0 v = 0 w = v0 T = T0(26)at the microchannel outlet (Z = 2.7 mm) u = 0 v = 0 P = Patm(27)In the left and right sides of microchannel outer adiabatic walls (X = 0 w)(28)In the microchannel inner walls(29)(30)Finally, a constant heat flux condition is imposed at micro heat sink bottom wall (y = 0).Results and discussionThe variations of pressure drop and Reynolds number for motley transverse magnetic fields are shown in Fig. 3a. It can be seen that for a given fluid, the pressure drop increases by increasing the Reynolds number because rising the velocity inlet. As shown in Fig. 3b whit increases intensity uniform and non-uniform magnetic field in the same Reynolds number (Re=300), the pressure drop increases for non-uniform magnetic because the inessential flow near wall became larger and powerful. Also scale up particle diameter of 10nm to 30nm decreasing pressure drop (Fig. 3c).a)b)c)Fig. 3. effect of various a) Reynolds number H=6-106, dp=30nm b) power magnetic field gradients Re=300, dp=30nm c) particle diameter H=8-106, Re=300 on the pressure dropFig. 4 presented streamlines for various magnetic fields at 0.0015 Z 0.002. As shown in Fig.4, when magnetic field is weak the streamlines same together because the magnetic field had not enough powerful for ve er stream. By increases intensity magnetic field the nanofluid flow shift to near wall and thereupon the offer in reentrant cavities became powerful Fig.5.Fig. 4. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter dp= 30nm for a) non-magnetic field b) non-uniform magnetic field (H=6-106 A/m) c) uniform magnetic field (H=6-106 A/m)Fig. 5. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter dp= 30nm for non-uniform magnetic field a) H= 6-106 A/m c) H=8-106 A/mThe friction factor decreases as Reynolds number increases (Fig. 6a). The magnetic field cannot surpass viscous force and affect mean velocity when intensity magnetic field is low, therefor the friction factor is almost fixed for using magnetic and non-magnetic field. Whit increases intensity magnetic field the mean velocity decreases and while the pressure drop increases (Fig. 3.b) thence, the friction factor increases at maximal intensity field (Fig. 6b). Also scale up particle diameter the main velocity and pressure drop decreases. The uniform transverse magnetic field is depended to velocity that whit decreasing velocity the uniform transverse effect decreases on flow, so friction factor rising (Fig. 6c).a)b)c)Fig. 6. Effects of various a) Reynolds number H=6-106, dp=30nm b) power magnetic field gradients Re=300, dp=30nm c) particle diameter H=8-106, Re=300 on the friction factorFigure 7 shows the variations of average temperature bottom heat sink for different condition. Whit increasing Reynolds numbers the velocity increasing withal and the vortex in reentrant cavities became bigger and powerful, thus average temperature bottom heat sink decreases (Fig. 7a). Effects of various power magnetic field gradients Re=300, dp=30nm on average temperature bottom heat sink presented in Fig. 7b. When the intensity magnetic field is weak cannot affect average velocity because cannot overcome viscous force. By strengthening the non-uniform transverse magnetic field the average velocity became larger and growth vortex in channel, therefore average temperature bottom heat sink reduces. Particle diameter rising, the non-uniform transverse magnetic had more effect than uniform transverse magnetic and non-magnetic on average temperature bottom heat sink (Fig. 7c). Whit scale up particle diameter decreasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer for when applied uniform transverse magnetic because it independent of particle diameter.Figure 8 presented the variations of average Nusselt number for different condition. Nusselt number enhances with Reynolds number in