The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay

The Importance Of course Lighting Construction EssayChapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction driveway smartness ensures safety to literally every citizen in Sri Lanka by providing guidance and haveion across the vast territories throughout the country. Citizens have grown customary to driving the avenues, rural roads and busy urban thoroughfargons, relying on alter visibility and safety afforded them by generous fervor conditions provided by some(prenominal) highway light standards of the roadways. Similarly, the safety and ability to maneuver along walkways and sidewalks, in some(prenominal) congested and remote force fields, is tremendously compound for pedestrians and cyclists. Street lights moldiness be designed in that locationfore to minimize glare and render enhanced colour recognition to meet deals visual needs in find objects.1.2 Importance of Street LightingStreet punk is an essential humans usefulness that provides a safer environment at shadow clipping t o commuters as head as pedestrians. Proper use of path lighting can be considered as a protective method which provides economic and social benefits to the slew includingElimination in night epoch accidents and economic loss wait on to police protection and enhanced sense of personal securityFacilitation of dispassionate concern flowPromotion of business activities and the use of public interactions during the night hours.While this service is commonly available in developed countries, there is a shortage of proper street lighting facilities in many an some other(prenominal) areas in developing countries due to lack of financial re outsets. The lack of qualified light at night has given rise to poor support conditions and as such, street crimes, and other mishaps are commonplace.Street lighting is by chance more(prenominal) interesting topic for politicians to gain their supporters. It is the most conversable topic among people and essential activity of local anaesthetic politics, Pradesheya Sabhas and municipalities where the electrical consumption can be considered as having a replete(p)ly stable load pattern (kWh) during designated operating(a) hours for each and every day. The number of lights and power requirements stay relatively knockout over the nightly operating period. The only real variation is the touchst maven of operating hours each evening as determined by the beat of the year. On the other hand, some degree of weather is varying where exposure cell control systems exist during dark and misty time periods where areas the like upcountry. As such, we have very predictable load patterns and vigour value for street lighting that mostly operate including peak power extracting time periods considering the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) topic grid.One opportunity to address the demand-side of this numeral is to save electricity via technological upgrades of street lighting with the help of municipalities and local governing. Ele ctricity use for streetlights accounts for up to 1.1% of electricity used by national grid stated in Statistical digest in 2011, produce by CEB. It is worth noting that large amount of non-metered street lighting profiles presentation a steady state operation on a calendar month by month basis despite the fact that the new street lamp installings have been grown by 30% annually as revealed by street lamp census in 2010. This strategy will be strike during the election periods. Thus, the virtual billing value which is submitted by local authorities to the power and brawniness ministry, do not truly represent the effective load profiles. In response to the plotting of the billing information, both municipalities and local authorities have to be taken action to ensure true archetype of load profiles with representing of CEB personnel to witness the actual requirements of the street lighting equipments.The electrical efficacy consumption of street lighting constitutes an cardina l part of total vigor consumption. Saving energy in street lamps is therefore important for total energy nest egg. It is known that street lighting levels are uppity in many sheaths. For instance, in the case of low traffic volumes, the lighting levels are excessive and could be reduced so that energy savings can be achieved. On the other hand, in specific situations and for traffic safety reasons, light levels should be increased even in the case of low traffic volume.Reductions in energy consumption through the installation of modern lighting equipment, control and management practices have a direct impact on the level of greenhouse gas emissions from street lighting. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to reductions in energy consumption hence the potential savings are of the same put and vice versa.1.3 MotivationThis research keeps the focus on energy susceptibility measures in the street lighting celestial sphere. The street lighting situation in Sri Lanka is still largely dominated by in cost- cost-effective technologies, most importantly standard incandescent, low efficiency fluorescent tube or hydrargyrum and sodium vaporisation lamps. Although cost-effective when regarded over the full spiritspan of the lamp, more efficient options, such as light emitting diodes (light-emitting diodes), induction lamps and solar ply systems struggle to penetrate the market. Several promotion programs for energy efficient lighting can be found by the government in fresh past ( reference).This research is concerned with possibilities to promote the approach of energy efficient street lighting technologies for grid- attached or off grid usage in Sri Lanka. This approach is initiated to evaluate the economic, technical, and operational feasibility of replacing the live street lamps with guide light sources. Specifically, the following areas were evaluated as part of this research vigor and maintenance cost savings of LED lamps over t he active street lampsEnergy and maintenance cost savings of solar powered LED lamps over the existing street lampsOptimum luminance that should be maintain on various roads and streets in compliance with British and IESNA standards and equal those to the streets lighted by the existing High Pressure Sodium (HPS) vapour lamps which were installed in most of the town and highly congested areas where more luminance is needed.Cost-effectiveness of deploying a photocell or timer switching for street lamp operation.The energy and maintenance cost savings are distinguish inputs to the cost-effectiveness analytic thinking of LED. The death penalty metrics in the economic analysis embroils simple payback as well as the net present value of cost savings over the lifetime of the LED fixtures. This research findings point out the key market barriers for technology uptake in the street lighting sector and discusses the current state of technology promotional programs.1.4 Objectives of t he researchThe first accusatory of the research is to get an inventory verification of various kinds of street lamps connected in all over the country and secondly, to analyze the performance of existing lamps and its control systems. Road surface luminance is one of the control parameters in intelligent road lighting control systems. The third objective is to find the optimized luminance intensity on the roads as part of perspicacity for efficient street lighting systems. The final objective is to find a best option for energy efficient street lighting.At present, in urban roadway lighting applications, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and mercury vapour lamps which are the most astray used light sources. In semi urban and rural area road lighting, fluorescent lamps and CFL is widely employ. LEDs are fast developing light sources and are considered as one promising light source for general lighting. However, LEDs are not used already for street lighting applications in Sri Lanka, s ince the initial cost of LED is very high as yet. Currently, HPS lamps are the dominant light source used in street lighting because of long lamp life time and high luminous efficacy.The research assessment is a comparative life cycle assessment including other economical analysis which was performed on candent lamp, Fluorescent lamp, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp, Mercury Vapour lamp, knowledgeability lamp and Light Emitting Diode (LED) streetlight technologies. It also focused on the categories of energy efficiency, light quality, global warming affects ect.The majority of streetlights are individually controlled by manual operation and some are by photocell and timer switch. It is revealed that some local authorities such as Colombo municipal Council (CMC), have installed and upgraded a system that allow light levels to be controlled in certain time periods in addition to the photocell operation. Maintenance of streetlights consists close entirely of replacing burnt bulbs or other defective components. Lights controlled by photocell are not monitored remotely in Sri Lanka and are replaced when inform by complaints of people or noticed during regular inspections. Bulb replenishment is performed by relevant local authorities or municipalities.1.5 Outline of this traverseThis research conducted a detailed study of how to implement an energy efficient street lighting technologies in Sri Lanka. This study provides the data and analysis obligatory to evaluate whether changing existing street lighting system is a worthwhile investment, not only economically but environmentally as well. The adoption of newer technologies could save the millions of rupees in each year by minimizing both energy and environmental costs while reserving them to invest in other infrastructure upgrades.This thesis consists of seven chapters including the literature review, methodology, case studies, economic analysis and results, and reciprocation. The literature review is the chapter 2 which explains the basics behind street lighting, the several(predicate) types of lighting technologies, how they work, how they affect the environment, and how they meet current lighting requirements along with their advantages and disadvantages. The methodology chapter explains how the study was conducted with a detailed explanation of both methodologies and economic calculations. This chapter presented a series of calculations to verify the data which are relevant to this study. How the data was applied to these methodologies will also be explained in chapter 3.This research thesis consists of leash case studies. First one is the basic structure of this thesis, so that, the street lamp survey conducted to find out the total no of lamps in the country. It gives a basic understanding of the main end-use applications and target sectors of the diametrical lamp types, control systems and an conception of the energy efficiency potential available in the street lighting se ctor. The second is illumination evaluation for HPS lamps connected in Galle road section. The auto operated street lighting system implemented in Balangoda town area and street lighting control system conducting in Sri Lanka also discussed as the case study 3 in this chapter. All these case studies are presented in chapter 4. The chapter 5 consists of economic analysis for all case studies and sets the insights gained throughout the research is enlightened by economic analysis. The economic performance was mensurable as simple-payback for substitution of LED and solar powered LED solutions to the existing lamps that includes in accounting for lamp life-span, maintenance costs, and electrical costs. Conclusion chapter covers the results from the study to include their sensitivity to changes in costs associated with power production, maintenance costs, fixture costs, and service life. Environmental costs with carbon emissions savings and impacts were also calculated and discussed wi th regards to the different lighting technologies including solar powered stand along LED system. Finally, discussion chapter reviews the findings of this study and recommends the course of action that should be taken for implementation of energy efficient street lighting along with areas for future research.